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Jul 29, 2020 at 13:26 comment added whuber $x$ is literally any vector. That this is the formula for the variance is a consequence of its bilinearity properties. See stats.stackexchange.com/a/185000/919 or (for a more general and abstract explanation) math.stackexchange.com/a/3392345/1489.
Jul 29, 2020 at 12:11 vote accept the man
Jul 29, 2020 at 7:58 comment added the man Thanks for your answer. What exactly is the $p-$vector $x$ here (with respect to my data matrix)? Why is the variance defined like so?
Jul 28, 2020 at 19:04 history answered whuber CC BY-SA 4.0