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I am trying to figure out the statistics of a study where I have 60 participants with varying amounts of observation per participant. I am measuring facial muscle activity after a button press over a 45-minute period. Now some participants have 1 or 2 button presses while others have 13.

I am interested in whether positively rated button presses go with more muscle activation than negatively rated button presses. Participants first press a button and later rate the valence (pos or neg) connected to this button press. When I take a t-test comparing the muscle activity of negatively rated button presses with positive ones I think I am not taking into account the variation within participants / paired data.

I have considered doing a multilevel approach but then I would have to use regression which would mean assuming a causal direction, which I do not have.

I am trying to figure out the statistics of a study where I have 60 participants with varying amounts of observations per participant. I am measuring facial muscle activity after a button press over a 45-minute period. Now some participants have 1 or 2 button presses while others have 13.

I am interested in whether positively rated button presses go with more muscle activation than negatively rated button presses. Participants first press a button and later rate the valence (pos or neg) connected to this button press. When I take a t-test comparing the muscle activity of negatively rated button presses with positive ones I think I am not taking into account the variation within participants / paired data.

I have considered doing a multilevel approach but then I would have to use regression which would mean assuming a causal direction, which I do not have.

I am trying to figure out the statistics of a study where I have 60 participants with varying amounts of observation per participant. I am measuring facial muscle activity after a button press over a 45-minute period. Now some participants have 1 or 2 button presses while others have 13.

I am interested in whether positively rated button presses go with more muscle activation than negatively rated button presses. When I take a t-test comparing the muscle activity of negatively rated button presses with positive ones I think I am not taking into account the variation within participants / paired data.

I have considered doing a multilevel approach but then I would have to use regression which would mean assuming a causal direction, which I do not have.

I am trying to figure out the statistics of a study where I have 60 participants with varying amounts of observation per participant. I am measuring facial muscle activity after a button press over a 45-minute period. Now some participants have 1 or 2 button presses while others have 13.

I am interested in whether positively rated button presses go with more muscle activation than negatively rated button presses. Participants first press a button and later rate the valence (pos or neg) connected to this button press. When I take a t-test comparing the muscle activity of negatively rated button presses with positive ones I think I am not taking into account the variation within participants / paired data.

I have considered doing a multilevel approach but then I would have to use regression which would mean assuming a causal direction, which I do not have.