• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.
• Whuber raises a good point that specific paths are followed by the moose. In theory there should be no vectors where the moose did not go. The difficulty is we do not know where the moose have gone, and wish to infer it.
• SextusEmpiricus suggested that a flux formulation is promising for resolving the problem of crossing paths.
• My guess is that there are zero moose in the bounded region on a given day. What I suspect happens is that moose occasionally pass through the area as they browse.
• Sometimes it is possible to tell if tracks are 'extremely' fresh, but in general track ages are not reliably guessed (by me anyway).

• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.
• Whuber raises a good point that specific paths are followed by the moose. In theory there should be no vectors where the moose did not go. The difficulty is we do not know where the moose have gone, and wish to infer it.
• SextusEmpiricus suggested that a flux formulation is promising for resolving the problem of crossing paths.
• My guess is that there are probably zero moose in the bounded region on a given day. What I suspect happens is that moose occasionally pass through the area as they browse.
• Sometimes it is possible to tell if tracks are 'extremely' fresh, but in general track ages are not reliably guessed (by me anyway).

• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.
• Whuber raises a good point that specific paths are followed by the moose. In theory there should be no vectors where the moose did not go. The difficulty is we do not know where the moose have gone, and wish to infer it.
• SextusEmpiricus suggested that a flux formulation is promising for resolving the problem of crossing paths.

• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.
• Whuber raises a good point that specific paths are followed by the moose. In theory there should be no vectors where the moose did not go. The difficulty is we do not know where the moose have gone, and wish to infer it.
• SextusEmpiricus suggested that a flux formulation is promising for resolving the problem of crossing paths.
• My guess is that there are zero moose in the bounded region on a given day. What I suspect happens is that moose occasionally pass through the area as they browse.
• Sometimes it is possible to tell if tracks are 'extremely' fresh, but in general track ages are not reliably guessed (by me anyway).

Background

Suppose I collected a data set of the latitude and longitude of moose tracks within an irregular polygon, and also took a compass bearing of the direction that the hooves pointed in.

Image Credit: © Galen Seilis 2022 (used with permission)

Also suppose that the spatial sampling intensity is approximately uniform. The study area is small enough to safely ignore the curvature of the Earth, if desired.

This gets us very close to having a vector field over $\mathbb{R}^2$, only that there is not a clear notion of magnitude. To account for this I define each observation $\vec{v}_i$ to be the normalized gradient at that point in space of some hypothetical field $u : \mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}$.

I would like to take on the assumption that there exist no sources or sinks in the gradient of the field $u$. This is due to the fact that moose come and go from the potential study area. While of course moose are born and die somewhere, I want to assume that these events are rare enough to be ignored in my model. Visually this means that neither of the following two patterns occur at any point:

Because of how I defined the observations to be the normalized gradient, I was willing to assume that the gradient isn't the zero vector anywhere anyways. This precludes other field patterns as well.

Other Considerations

• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.

Question

What model (and boundary conditions if applicable) would be suitable for modeling the flow of moose through a bounded region?

Background

Suppose I collected a data set of the latitude and longitude of moose tracks within an irregular polygon, and also took a compass bearing of the direction that the hooves pointed in.

Image Credit: © Galen Seilis 2022 (used with permission)

Also suppose that the spatial sampling intensity is approximately uniform. The study area is small enough to safely ignore the curvature of the Earth, if desired.

This gets us very close to having a vector field over $\mathbb{R}^2$, only that there is not a clear notion of magnitude. To account for this I define each observation $\vec{v}_i$ to be the normalized gradient at that point in space of some hypothetical field $u : \mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}$.

I would like to take on the assumption that there exist no sources or sinks in the gradient of the field $u$. This is due to the fact that moose come and go from the potential study area. While of course moose are born and die somewhere, I want to assume that these events are rare enough to be ignored in my model. Visually this means that neither of the following two patterns occur at any point:

Because of how I defined the observations to be the normalized gradient, I was willing to assume that the gradient isn't the zero vector anywhere anyways. This precludes other field patterns as well.

Other Considerations

• At the moment I do not have a well-posed problem.
• The goal is to produce plausible patterns of flow of moose through a small area.
• Sometimes moose tracks are plausibly from the same individual due to being aligned and close together, but usually the tracks are relatively isolated.
• There are plenty of machine learning approaches that I could use to estimate a map $\mathbb{R}^2 \mapsto \mathbb{R}^2$, but I would rather use differential equations for understandability.
• At a boundary point the gradient of $u$ could be perpendicular, parallel, or neither to boundary itself.
• I am not modeling time dependence because estimating the age of a track is quite difficult.
• I have started with assuming it is a function rather than a multivalued function, but a random vector is a reasonable way to go. The former might work if in practice even partially overlapping tracks are not exactly on top of each other. But the latter makes sense in that a given moose might go different directions from the same point depending on unmodeled details of its environment, or that distinct moose could have different brains or perceptions and consequently decide to walk different ways from the same point. Frank's point about crossing paths is excellent: namely that the likely existence of crossing paths precludes the existence of a single-valued vector field.
• I have not decided what is reasonable to assume about the curl; I will think more on it. As Frank pointed out, the curl of the gradient of a field must be zero.
• Random walks on $\mathbb{R}^2$ might be fruitful. The more explainable the better, but I don't mind sprinkling in a little bit of noise from a stochastic process.
• The ultimate goal is to estimate likely paths that the moose are taking into and then out of the bounded region.
• Whuber raises a good point that specific paths are followed by the moose. In theory there should be no vectors where the moose did not go. The difficulty is we do not know where the moose have gone, and wish to infer it.
• SextusEmpiricus suggested that a flux formulation is promising for resolving the problem of crossing paths.

Question

What model (and boundary conditions if applicable) would be suitable for modeling the flow of moose through a bounded region?