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A vast area which includes generating results from computer models.

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Clinical trials simple randomization scheme simulation

You could write a for loop: # Option 1: `naive` simulation N <- 1000 n_out <- 0 for(i in 1:N){ sum1 <- sum(rbinom(100, 1, 0.5)) outside <- abs(sum1 - 50) > 5 n_out <- n_out + outside } proportion … This can be written sunccinctly in one single line: # Option 2: better simulation N <- 1000 n_out <- sum(abs(rbinom(N, 100, 0.5) - 50) > 5) proportion <- n_out/N Finally, denote by $X$ the random variable …
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