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A $k\times k$ matrix of covariances between all pairs of $k$ random variables. It is also called variance-covariance matrix or simply the covariance matrix.

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Finding the MLE for covariance matrix in random effects model

I have a random effects-only linear model as follows: $$\mathbf{y_i = Z_ib_i + \epsilon_i,\quad i=1,...,N}$$ $$\mathbf{\epsilon_i \sim N(0,\sigma^2I)},\quad \mathbf{b_i \sim N(0,\sigma^2D)}$$ where …