This is a nice attempt but it does not work because of the "normalisation constant": if you consider the joint density $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_1^2+\ldots+x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$the decomposition $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$ $$=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x_{-n}||^2+x_n^2>a^2}$$ $$=\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad$$ $$\qquad\qquad\qquad\times\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)^{-1}}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{x_n^2>a-||x_{-n}||^2}$$ which integrates to $$f_{X_{-n}}(x_{-n}) \propto \frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)$$ in $x_n$ shows that

1. The conditional distribution of $X_n$ given the other components, $X_{-n}$, is a truncated normal distribution;
2. The marginal distribution of the other components, $X_{-n}$, is not a normal distribution because of the extra term $\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)$;

The only way I can see in taking advantage of this property is to run a Gibbs sampler, one component at a time, using the truncated normal conditional distributions.

This is a nice attempt but it does not work because of the "normalisation constant": if you consider the joint density $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_1^2+\ldots+x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$the decomposition $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$ $$=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x_{-n}||^2+x_n^2>a^2}$$ $$=\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad$$ $$\qquad\qquad\qquad\times\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)^{-1}}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{x_n^2>a-||x_{-n}||^2}$$ which integrates to $$f_{X_{-n}}(x_{-n}) \propto \frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)$$ in $x_n$, shows that

1. The conditional distribution of $X_n$ given the other components, $X_{-n}$, is a truncated normal distribution;
2. The marginal distribution of the other components, $X_{-n}$, is not a normal distribution because of the extra term $\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)$;

The only way I can see in taking advantage of this property is to run a Gibbs sampler, one component at a time, using the truncated normal conditional distributions.

This is a nice attempt but it does not work because of the "normalisation constant": if you consider the joint density $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_1^2+\ldots+x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$the decomposition $$f_X(x) = \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$ $$=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x_{-n}||^2+x_n^2>a^2}$$ $$=\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad$$ $$\qquad\qquad\qquad\times\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)^{-1}}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{x_n^2>a-||x_{-n}||^2}$$ shows that

1. The conditional distribution of $X_n$ given the other components, $X_{-n}$, is a truncated normal distribution;
2. The marginal distribution of the other components, $X_{-n}$, is not a normal distribution because of the extra term $\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)$;

The only way I can see in taking advantage of this property is to run a Gibbs sampler, one component at a time, using the truncated normal conditional distributions.

This is a nice attempt but it does not work because of the "normalisation constant": if you consider the joint density $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{n/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_1^2+\ldots+x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$the decomposition $$f_X(x) \propto \frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x||>a}$$ $$=\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\frac{1}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{||x_{-n}||^2+x_n^2>a^2}$$ $$=\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad$$ $$\qquad\qquad\qquad\times\frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)^{-1}}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{1/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{x_n^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)\mathbb{I}_{x_n^2>a-||x_{-n}||^2}$$ which integrates to $$f_{X_{-n}}(x_{-n}) \propto \frac{\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)}{{(2\pi\sigma^2)}^{(n-1)/2}} \exp\left(-\frac{||x_{-n}||^2}{2\sigma^2}\right)$$ in $x_n$ shows that

1. The conditional distribution of $X_n$ given the other components, $X_{-n}$, is a truncated normal distribution;
2. The marginal distribution of the other components, $X_{-n}$, is not a normal distribution because of the extra term $\mathbb{P}(X_n^2>a^2-||x_{-n}||^2)$;

The only way I can see in taking advantage of this property is to run a Gibbs sampler, one component at a time, using the truncated normal conditional distributions.