# How many endogenous variables in a VAR model with 120 observations?

I am doing time series forecasting in R using the VAR model implementation in the "vars" package. I have a default of six lags for my model, and my time series all have 120+ observations. I'm doing a method of testing different combinations of series and back-testing them using VAR in order to decide which set of variables to choose. How many variables can I expect to fit in to my VAR model (including the variable I am interested in forecasting)?

Since vars uses (equation-by-equation) OLS estimation, the number of parameters in one equation cannot be greater than the number of data points used in the estimation, which is the sample size $$T$$ minus the lag length $$p$$.

The number of parameters per equation is $$p \times K + 1$$ where $$K$$ is the number of endogenous variables and 1 stands for the intercept.

Then the condition is

$$Kp+1 \leqslant T-p,$$

which gives you

$$K \leqslant \frac{T-p-1}{p} = \frac{T-1}{p}-1.$$

Take the largest integer $$K$$ that satisfies the inequality.

Now this is only the technical limit due to the OLS mechanics. But it may not be the limit you are looking for. For a very large (but still feasible) $$K$$ you may expect your estimates to have very high variance and thus be of limited practical use.

Then a sensible question to ask is, what $$K$$ would give a model that would still generalize fairly well out of sample. Here you are essentially facing the well-known bias-variance trade-off: including more variables may reduce the omitted variable bias, but would also raise the estimation variance. The bias-variance trade-off has been discussed extensively before, you may review older posts for that. (So in the end, the general answer on the optimal choice of $$K$$ is, it depends...)

Dr. Hardy's answer is very informative. The only thing I will add is that sometimes the VAR model can include a time trend term as well so I would change the T - 1 to a T - 2 (1 for the constant intercept and one for the trend term) in the calculation of K to be on the safe side.

Also, sometimes you can include seasonal dummies, so in that case, you will need to adjust this even more. If you are using a seasonality of s, the numerator of the equation would change to T - 2 - (s -1) or T - s - 1

But then again, if you are hitting the limit, it is more than likely that you will not get a good model anyway since you don't have enough degrees of freedom for a reliable calculation of the residuals.

• Good points!... – Richard Hardy May 24 at 7:32