For a univariate real-valued random variable I am pretty sure that the converse holds.
Consider a multivariate $\mathbf X$ with values in $\mathbb R^n$ with measure $\mu(X)$ and its multivariate CDF is:
$$F_X(a_0,\dots, a_n) = \int_{-\infty}^{a_0} \dots \int_{-\infty}^{a_n} \mu(d\mathbf x)$$
, then the univariate random variable $\tilde X = F_X(\mathbf X)$ is still distributed uniformly in $U_{[0;1]}$.
Is it true that if for some other $\mathbf Y$ holds $F_X(\mathbf Y) \sim U_{[0; 1]}$, then $F_X = F_Y$?
Or, in other words, can we use uniformity of $F_X(\mathbf Y)$ to test if $F_X = F_Y$ for multivariate $\mathbf X$ and $\mathbf Y$?
UPD
@whuber answered in the comment below that the "$\tilde X \sim U_{[0;1]}$" part is actually wrong, so the question does not make much sense and one interested in multivariate variables and uniformity should read about Copulas.