(A somewhat handwavy answer which hopefully gives some sense of the circumstances under which the answer could be a qualified yes)
Let's start with linear regression;
The standard errors come from the variance-covariance matrix, $\text{Var}(\hat \beta) = \sigma^2 (X'X)^{-1}$.
In the large and small samples, the population quantity $\sigma^2$ is assumed to be the same, so what's left? The design matrix, $X$. If you imagine there's a distribution in $x$-space, and the rows are random samples from it, then there's a sense in which the large and small samples must both estimate the same population quantities. Specifically, consider $(X'X)/n$ where the $X$ is made up of randomly chosen rows, $x_i$; then let $C_i = x_i x_i'$ be considered random variables. Under this scheme, the $C_i$ are i.i.d. and $(X'X)/n = \bar c$ will converge to the mean of the distribution of $C$ under the usual conditions for means to converge. Note that $C$ is a random matrix and so its mean will be a matrix. [In practice you can stack it up into a vector, $\text{vec}(C)$, or eliminating the redundant half, $\text{vech}(C)$, which among other things means we could write its variance-covariance as a matrix.]
Then $\sigma^2 {(X'X)}^{-1} = \sigma^2/n\cdot {(X'X/n)}^{-1}$, where the term in parentheses on the right converges to a constant as $n \rightarrow\infty$.
If, however, the samples don't cover the same parts of $x$-space, or not in the same proportions, that sense would clearly be lost.
In the case of nonlinear regression, the variance-estimates are based around a linear approximation at the optimum, so most of the notions should carry over. All being well convergence-wise (if the nls calculations don't converge this may not apply), and assuming the small sample and the large sample are dealing with the same region of x-space in the same proportions, the small sample and the large sample should both approximate the same variance-covariance matrix.
In that sense, under random sampling and assuming they're dealing with the same distribution over $x$-space, a small sample will be like a pilot study for the remainder of the larger sample.
However, those are pretty stringent assumptions and in practice I'd imagine they'd be frequently not satisfied. In an experiment, for example, you could make sure to cover the $x$-space in such a fashion over observations so that it behaved like a random sample from the same distribution. In a situation where you have to take the $x_i$ as they come, you may not have it, and generally won't.
